The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all his own. Today, he is
thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story stretches all
the way back to the 3rd century. Find out more about the history of
Santa Claus from his earliest origins to the shopping mall favorite of
today, and discover how two New Yorkers–Clement Clark Moore and Thomas
Nast–were major influences on the Santa Claus millions of children wait
for each Christmas Eve.
The Legend of St. Nicholas
The legend of Santa Claus can be traced back hundreds of years to a
monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime
around 280 A.D. in Patara, near Myra in modern-day Turkey. Much admired
for his piety and kindness, St. Nicholas became the subject of many
legends. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and
traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. One of the best
known of the St. Nicholas stories is that he saved three poor sisters
from being sold into slavery or prostitution by their father by
providing them with a dowry so that they could be married. Over the
course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known
as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day is celebrated on
the anniversary of his death, December 6. This was traditionally
considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the
Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe. Even
after the Protestant Reformation, when the veneration of saints began to
be discouraged, St. Nicholas maintained a positive reputation,
especially in Holland.
Sinter Klaas Comes to New York
St. Nicholas made his first inroads into American popular culture
towards the end of the 18th century. In December 1773, and again in
1774, a New York newspaper reported that groups of Dutch families had gathered to honor the anniversary of his death.
The name Santa Claus evolved from Nick’s Dutch nickname, Sinter Klaas, a shortened form of Sint Nikolaas (Dutch for Saint Nicholas). In 1804, John Pintard, a member of the New York Historical Society, distributed woodcuts of St. Nicholas at the society’s annual meeting. The background of the engraving contains now-familiar Santa images including stockings filled with toys and fruit hung over a fireplace. In 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularize the Sinter Klaas stories when he referred to St. Nicholas as the patron saint of New York in his book, The History of New York. As his prominence grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a “rascal” with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a “huge pair of Flemish trunk hose.”
The name Santa Claus evolved from Nick’s Dutch nickname, Sinter Klaas, a shortened form of Sint Nikolaas (Dutch for Saint Nicholas). In 1804, John Pintard, a member of the New York Historical Society, distributed woodcuts of St. Nicholas at the society’s annual meeting. The background of the engraving contains now-familiar Santa images including stockings filled with toys and fruit hung over a fireplace. In 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularize the Sinter Klaas stories when he referred to St. Nicholas as the patron saint of New York in his book, The History of New York. As his prominence grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a “rascal” with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a “huge pair of Flemish trunk hose.”
Shopping Mall Santas
Gift-giving, mainly centered around children, has been an important part of the Christmas elebration since the holiday’s rejuvenation in the early 19th century.
Stores began to advertise Christmas shopping in 1820, and by the 1840s,
newspapers were creating separate sections for holiday advertisements,
which often featured images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841,
thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size
Santa Claus model. It was only a matter of time before stores began to
attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at a “live”
Santa Claus. In the early 1890s, the Salvation Army needed money to pay
for the free Christmas meals they provided to needy families. They
began dressing up unemployed men in Santa Claus suits and sending them
into the streets of New York to solicit donations. Those familiar
Salvation Army Santas have been ringing bells on the street corners of
American cities ever since.
‘Twas the Night Before Christmas
In 1822, Clement Clarke Moore, an Episcopal minister, wrote a long
Christmas poem for his three daughters entitled “An Account of a Visit
from St. Nicholas.” Moore’s poem, which he was initially hesitant to
publish due to the frivolous nature of its subject, is largely
responsible for our modern image of Santa Claus as a “right jolly old
elf” with a portly figure and the supernatural ability to ascend a
chimney with a mere nod of his head! Although some of Moore’s imagery
was probably borrowed from other sources, his poem helped popularize the
now-familiar image of a Santa Claus who flew from house to house on
Christmas Eve–in “a miniature sleigh” led by eight flying
reindeer–leaving presents for deserving children. “An Account of a Visit
from St. Nicholas” created a new and immediately popular American icon.
In 1881, political cartoonist Thomas Nast drew on Moore’s poem to
create the first likeness that matches our modern image of Santa Claus.
His cartoon, which appeared in Harper’s Weekly, depicted Santa as a
rotund, cheerful man with a full, white beard, holding a sack laden with
toys for lucky children. It is Nast who gave Santa his bright red suit
trimmed with white fur, North Pole workshop, elves, and his wife, Mrs.
Claus.
A Santa by Any Other Name
18th-century America’s Santa Claus was not the only St.
Nicholas-inspired gift-giver to make an appearance at Christmastime.
Similar figures were popular all over the world. Christkind or Kris
Kringle was believed to deliver presents to well-behaved Swiss and
German children. Meaning “Christ child,” Christkind is an angel-like
figure often accompanied by St. Nicholas on his holiday missions. In
Scandinavia, a jolly elf named Jultomten was thought to deliver gifts in
a sleigh drawn by goats. English legend explains that Father Christmas
visits each home on Christmas Eve to fill children’s stockings with
holiday treats. Pere Noel is responsible for filling the shoes of French
children. In Russia, it is believed that an elderly woman named
Babouschka purposely gave the wise men wrong directions to Bethlehem so
that they couldn’t find Jesus. Later, she felt remorseful, but could not
find the men to undo the damage. To this day, on January 5, Babouschka
visits Russian children leaving gifts at their bedsides in the hope that
one of them is the baby Jesus and she will be forgiven. In Italy, a
similar story exists about a woman called La Befana, a kindly witch who
rides a broomstick down the chimneys of Italian homes to deliver toys
into the stockings of lucky children.
The Ninth Reindeer
Rudolph, “the most famous reindeer of all,” was born over a hundred
years after his eight flying counterparts. The red-nosed wonder was the
creation of Robert L. May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward
department store.
In 1939, May wrote a Christmas-themed story-poem to help bring holiday traffic into his store. Using a similar rhyme pattern to Moore’s “‘Twas the Night Before Christmas,” May told the story of Rudolph, a young reindeer who was teased by the other deer because of his large, glowing, red nose. But, When Christmas Eve turned foggy and Santa worried that he wouldn’t be able to deliver gifts that night, the former outcast saved Christmas by leading the sleigh by the light of his red nose. Rudolph’s message—that given the opportunity, a liability can be turned into an asset—proved popular. Montgomery Ward sold almost two and a half million copies of the story in 1939. When it was reissued in 1946, the book sold over three and half million copies. Several years later, one of May’s friends, Johnny Marks, wrote a short song based on Rudolph’s story (1949). It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold over two million copies. Since then, the story has been translated into 25 languages and been made into a television movie, narrated by Burl Ives, which has charmed audiences every year since 1964.
In 1939, May wrote a Christmas-themed story-poem to help bring holiday traffic into his store. Using a similar rhyme pattern to Moore’s “‘Twas the Night Before Christmas,” May told the story of Rudolph, a young reindeer who was teased by the other deer because of his large, glowing, red nose. But, When Christmas Eve turned foggy and Santa worried that he wouldn’t be able to deliver gifts that night, the former outcast saved Christmas by leading the sleigh by the light of his red nose. Rudolph’s message—that given the opportunity, a liability can be turned into an asset—proved popular. Montgomery Ward sold almost two and a half million copies of the story in 1939. When it was reissued in 1946, the book sold over three and half million copies. Several years later, one of May’s friends, Johnny Marks, wrote a short song based on Rudolph’s story (1949). It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold over two million copies. Since then, the story has been translated into 25 languages and been made into a television movie, narrated by Burl Ives, which has charmed audiences every year since 1964.